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生物学和艺术是托福听力的要点调查学科，而因为艺术对大多数同学来说都相对比较高深典雅，触及很多艺术门户或文化布景的相关词汇往往会在听力资料中给大家带来困扰。艺术能够分为美术，音乐，舞蹈，修建，文学，戏曲，拍摄，艺术史，等诸多分支，绘画是艺术论题领域最高频调查类别之一，咱们来了解一下绘画类必不可少的词汇和布景常识。

?远古时期咱们的祖先会在溶洞中作画，在TPO听力练习中，TPO3 Lecture3 Chauvet Painting就有文章触及到溶洞画，这篇听力文章整体难度不是很大，文章介绍了溶洞画的创作时间是在stone age(石器时代)，而石器时代能够分为Paleolithic和Neolithic两个时期，作画的东西一般是charcoal(木炭)，画描绘的目标往往是一些大型的herbivore(食草动物)，这儿同学们也能够了解一下同词根的别的两个词，carnivore(食肉动物)和omnivore(杂食动物)，远古人特别善于运用岩石的形状来描绘动物，可是他们几乎不画人类，而他们为什么会挑选画特定的动物，又为什么要将画画在漆黑没有人寓居的溶洞中，文中教授也没有给出清晰的解说。

除了溶洞艺术咱们的听力练习中还触及到油画，这是一个比较重要也相对较难的点，如果你仔细观察会发现这些文章除了文章布景常识和词汇有所重合之外，在调查方向上也有一些类似的点，例如TPO1 lecture1 Rose Frantzen和TPO19 lecture4 Cecilia Beaux 以及TPO21 lecture4 Alice Neel，下面咱们就以一些详细的标题分析一下他们在考点方面的共性。

首要文章中都会触及一些常见的艺术门户，而这些艺术门户的定义一般会在文章中进行解说，并在详细的著作中表现该艺术门户的特色，所以咱们最好能够听懂文中关于艺术门户的详细描绘，因为画家在绘画傍边往往会受到这些绘画风格的影响或许将几种风格交融在著作中，例如在TPO21 lecture4 中Alice Neel就交融了Realism和Expressionism，在文中关于realism的描绘是It's like painting something exactly how it is, so an artist would try to make it as accurate, um... and objective as possible.即准确客观的描绘，别的文中还提到了Expressionism即The artist is depicting subjective emotions, showing the inner reality as interpreted by the artist rather than the outward form.So the image itself might be distorted or exaggerated in some way. The expression overrides objective representation.这种门户的特色便是画家在描绘片面的情感，经过著作来表现出内在的实质而不是外在的方式。所以画出的形象可能会在某种程度上变形或许夸大化。表现主义就掩盖了客观的呈现。在文中就有第3题调查了. Expressionism表现主义：

According to the professor, what two aspects of Neel's work are characteristic of Expressionism? Click on 2 answers.

A. The depiction of unusual object

B. The way the subjects' faces are portrayed

C. The shape of the subjects' bodies

D. The use of color in the paintings

原文中的描绘是First, Neel’s use of bold color. All right? You’ll see she uses color to convey emotion and feeling, like the subjects’ clothing for instance, it appears brighter than it really is. And the subjects, the people being portrayed, Neel paid special attention to faces. The way she paints the eyes and how the faces are portrayed, these are quite realistic, like the realists’ work. But another thing Neel did was use elongated, sort of stretchy figures. Neel擅长运用十分大胆的色彩去表现爱情和感触，例如像被画目标的穿着看起来比实践的要更明亮，而她所画的人更重视脸部，画人比较写实，这是realism的表现，可是关于身段的描绘又会画的比较修长，这又表现了表现主义，所以能够看出特色分别是use of color对应选项D和elongated, sort of stretchy figures。对应选项C

除此之外在TPO1lecture1Rose Frantzen中也提到了Realism，而在这篇文章中画家是将Impressionism印象派和Realism进行了交融，首要文章中关于印象派的艺术风格进行了描绘，Impressionism started in the late 19th century. Um…the basic impressionist style was very different from earlier styles. It didn’t depict scenes or models exactly as they looked. Um…Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes, so the texture of the canvas was rough.从文中的描绘咱们能够得到一些印象派作画技巧方面的特色，如：不是对目标进行照实的描绘，作画时着墨很厚，常用大刷子，画布的质地比较粗糙，而在这段描绘中的很多词汇也是在艺术类文章中反复呈现且必定需要掌握的，例如：Impressionism印象派，depict描绘，brushstroke画笔的一笔，canvas画布，除此之外，文中还介绍了Realism现实主义，关于现实主义的描绘是 real honest depictions of subject matter, pretty unidealized stuff, and pretty everydaysubject matter, too.也便是会照实描绘被画的目标，而常常画的一般也是一些日常物品和场景。

在文章中常常会调查到著作如何表现了一些详细的艺术门户：如文中第四题：

What does the professor imply about the painting of the young woman surrounded by pumpkins?

A It was painted at an art fair

B It combines Impressionism with Realism

C It convinced Frantzen that she was a good illustrator

D It was originally meant to be used in an advertisement

因为文中对这幅著作进行了十分细致的描绘：首要是著作反映realism的部分：One other painting I really want you to look at is of a young woman surrounded bypumpkins. You will notice that the woman’s face is so realistic looking that it’s almost like aphotograph. The woman’s nose is a little less than perfect and her hair is kind of messed up. Thisis realism. But then, the background of the painting, this woman with the pumpkins is wrappedin a blanket of broad thick brushstrokes, and, it’s all kinds of zigzagging brushstrokes and lines,kind of chaotic almost when you look at it close. And there are vibrant colors. There’s lots oforange, with little hints of an electric blue peeking out.关于女人的容貌描绘比较写实，可是关于布景的处理运用了印象派的手法,所以第四题的答案应该是B It combines Impressionism with Realism，著作交融了现实主义和印象派的两层风格。

在TPO19 lecture4 Cecilia Beaux其中也有类似的考点，调查到画家著作中反应了什么相应的艺术门户，例如，文中第六题：

Why does the professor mention the French Impressionists?

A.To identify other artists who often painted women and children

B.To point out one of the influences on Cecilia Beaux's work

C.To question the importance of Impressionism in portraiture

D.To contrast their view of art with Cecilia Beax's vision

原文傍边的描绘是Yes, the unclear background definitely contributes to that dreaminess. It is meant to show a sense of isolation I think. With the woman is deep in a daydream and not really aware of anything else. This painting shows how insightful Cecilia Beaux was as a portrait artist. Besides her excellent technical skills, like her use of brush strokes and color to make an impression, both respective come through. Her portraits reveal her own interpretation of her subject’s state of mind. This is what it is all about, not just likenesses.Now, the undefined background also shows how Cecilia Beaux was influenced by the French Impressionists, who believed, like Beaux, in a personal rather than conventional approach to their subject matter. Beaux used some impressionist techniques and share much of their phylosophy, but her style, it was all her own.文中清晰指出Cecilia Beaux在画笔和色彩的运用方面表现了印象派，文中还着重她虽然受到了印象派的影响，可是她仍然有自己的风格。所以该题的答案应该是B To point out one of the influences on Cecilia Beaux's work

其次，这一段内容傍边还有别的一道题，表现了绘画类讲座常考的别的一个考点，便是教授关于著作和作家以及艺术创作的态度，如文中第五题：

Based on the discussion, what is the professor's attitude Inward portraiture?

A. The artist's technical skill is the most important aspect of a portrait.

B. An artist is seldom able to create an exact likeness of a subject.

C. A good portrait portrays the subject in are informal setting.

D. A good portrait portrays more than a physical image.

前文中着重Her portraits reveal her own interpretation of her subject’s state of mind. This is what it is all about, not just likenesses.也便是说Beaux虽然受到了印象派的影响可是她在著作中表现了自己关于被画目标神态状态的理解，画出了神韵而不仅仅是画的像。

最终，文中常常会调查画家生平的一些阅历，因为他们的阅历可能会对著作产生必定的影响，或许关于他们个人在艺术发展史中的位置有必定影响，例如TPO1lecture1Rose Frantzen调查的第三题：

Why did Frantzen go to the Sales Barn?

To study human form and movement

To earn money by painting portraits

To paint farm animals in an outdoor setting

To meet people who could model for her paining

文中相应的描绘是：One interesting thing I read about Franzten isthat when she first moved back to Iowa after living abroad, she often visited this place in hertown called the Sales Barn. And the Sales Barn, it was basically this place where the local farmersbought and sold their cattle, their farm animals. And the reason Frantzen went there, and shelater on would visit other places like dance halls, was to observe people and the ways that they moved. She really found that this helped her work---that it gave her an understanding of bodymovements and actions, how humans move, and stand still, what their postures were like, too.也便是说她去Sales Barn的原因在这些当地能够观察到很多人，这关于她了解人们的姿势动作和行为都十分有优点。

在TPO19 lecture4 Cecilia Beaux中也调查到了Beaux的阅历，而她的个人阅历证明了她当时杰出的位置：文中调查了第二题：

2 What evidence does the professor cite to illustrate Cecilia Beaux's reputation as an artist? Click on 2 answers.

A. The instructors that she studied art with

B. Her role in professional art organizations

C. Her connection with an important politician's family

D. The features of her work that the Impressionists imitated

原文的描绘是：①Beaux became known as one of the best portrait painters in the United States. She was very successful. She even had portraits of the wife and children of Theodore Roosevelt, while he was president. Some did not get much more prestige than that.即她曾经画过罗斯福总统的夫人和孩子，很少有画家能享有如此殊荣，该部分内容对应C选项。②In fact, she was the first full-time female instructor at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and she was a full member of the National Academy of Design. These are pretty important institutions, so, yeah, she definitely made headway for women artists.别的她曾任职于一些十分重要的组织，如：她是宾夕法尼亚艺术学术中心的第一个全职女人讲师，也是国家学术设计中的会员，对应选项B这些内容都是她卓越位置的表现。

综上，托福听力中关于绘画的调查一般比较高频率的触及艺术门户对著作和作家的影响，以及画家们是如何将各种艺术门户完美的交融在一起的，别的阅读资料会经常调查教授关于画家生平的阅历的描绘，而他们的这些阅历往往会影响到她们的著作和在艺术史上的位置，最终大家要注意在听力文章中可能会调查到教授关于画家著作和艺术风格的态度。绘画与艺术相比于传统学科的调查更为笼统高深，期望各位童鞋结合本身实践备考需要，有的放矢进行艺术类托福听力内容的专项温习，堆集要点词汇，熟悉学科要点。

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