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托福阅览和听力中经常涉及各类别论题和学科的调查，假如咱们对所调查人或事有所了解，那么关于咱们快速准确做题会大有裨益。 今日咱们来了解一位十分高逼格的认识流作家——James Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯，虽然他没有得过诺奖，但托福、SAT里都曾出现过他的身影。

?TPO23的conversation2里提到了作家James Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯以及他的著作Dubliners，为啥叫都柏林人呢，因为James Joyce是爱尔兰人，于是他就把早年都柏林的社会景象描绘了出来，这个时分，乔伊斯的书仍是能读懂的，属于咱们能够了解的realism现实主义，比方其中一篇教授提到的Araby，咱们感受一下：

“When the short days of winter came dusk fell before we had well eaten our dinners. When we met in the street the houses had grown somber. The space of sky above us was the color of ever-changing violet and towards it the lamps of the street lifted their feeble lanterns. The cold air stung us and we played till our bodies glowed. Our shouts echoed in the silent street. The career of our play brought us through the dark muddy lanes behind the houses where we ran the gauntlet of the rough tribes from the cottages, to the back doors of the dark dripping gardens where odors arose from ash pits, to the dark odorous stables where a coachman smoothed and combed the horse or shook music from the buckled harness. When we returned to the street, light from the kitchen windows had filled the areas. ”

(参阅译文：到了日短夜长的冬季，晚饭还没吃完，暮色就降落了。当咱们在街上游玩时，一幢幢房子变得阴森森的。头上的夜空显出一片变幻的紫罗兰色，同街灯的微光遥遥相映。寒气刺骨，咱们不停地玩着，直到浑身温暖。咱们的喊叫声在清静的街心回响。咱们窜到屋子后边漆黑、泥泞的巷子里，遭到棚屋里那一伙野孩子的夹道鞭打;咱们就跑到一家家幽暗阴湿的花园后门口，那里一个个灰坑宣布难闻的气味。随后再到黑黝黝的满是马粪味的马厩去。马夫在那儿梳马，或敲着扣上的马具，宣布铿锵的声响。当咱们折回街道时，灯火已经从一家家厨房的窗子里透出来，把这一带照亮了。)

conversation里边professor评价乔伊斯的著作十分complex，是因为使用了stream of consciousness(认识流)的方法，教授描绘认识流是“told through the narrator’s thought, through an inner monologue, as opposed to dialogue or an objective”，啥意思呢，咱们知道小说的plot要进行，需要经过dialogue对话、narration叙说等来推进，而认识流小说则是经过consciousness认识即心思描写来推进故事开展的。

除了James Joyce，仍是别的三位享誉世界的认识流作家：喜欢“回忆逝水年华”的Marcel Proust，女权斗士Virginia Woolf以及美国“莫言”William Faulkner，下面这段出自Virginia Woolf著名的短篇The Mark On the Wall，作家由墙上的斑驳开端联想，经过认识的流动，从古冢想到古物收藏家，再来感受一下：

“In certain lights that mark on the wall seems actually to project from the wall. Nor is it entirely circular. I cannot be sure, but it seems to cast a perceptible shadow, suggesting that if I ran my finger down that strip of the wall it would, at a certain point, mount and descend a small tumulus, a smooth tumulus like those barrows on the South Downs which are, they say, either tombs or camps. Of the two I should prefer them to be tombs, desiring melancholy like most English people, and finding it natural at the end of a walk to think of the bones stretched beneath the turf.... There must be some book about it. Some antiquary must have dug up those bones and given them a name. I wonder? Retired Colonels for the most part, I daresay, leading parties of aged labourers to the top here, examining clods of earth and stone, and getting into correspondence with the neighbouring clergy, which, being opened at breakfast time, gives them a feeling of importance, and the comparison of arrow-heads necessitates cross country journeys to the county towns, an agreeable necessity both to them and to their elderly wives, who wish to make plum jam or to clean out the study, and have every reason for keeping that great question of the camp or the tomb in perpetual suspension, while the Colonel himself feels agreeably philosophic in accumulating evidence on both sides of the question. ”

(参阅译文：在某种光线下面看墙上那个斑驳，它竟像是凸出在墙上的。它也不彻底是圆形的。我不敢肯定，不过它似乎投下一点淡淡的影子，使我觉得假如我用手指顺着墙壁摸过去，在某一点上会摸着一个起伏的小小的古冢，一个平滑的古冢，就像南部丘陵草原地带的那些古冢，听说，它们要不是坟墓，便是宿营地。在两者之中，我倒宁愿它们是坟墓，我像大都英国人一样偏爱忧伤，并且以为在散步结束时想到草地下埋着白骨是很天然的事情……一定有一部书写到过它。一定有哪位古物收藏家把这些白骨发掘出来，给它们起了名字……我想知道古物收藏家会是什么样的人?八成准是些退役的上校，领着一伙上了年纪的工人爬到这儿的顶上，查看泥块和石头，和附近的牧师互相通信。牧师在早餐的时分拆开函件来看，觉得自己颇为重要。为了比较不同的箭镞，还需要作屡次乡间游览，到本州的首府去，这种游览关于牧师和他们的老伴都是一种愉快的职责，他们的老伴正想做樱桃酱，或许正想拾掇一下书房。他们彻底有理由希望那个关于营地或许坟墓的重大问题长期悬而不决。而上校本人关于就这个问题的两方面能否收集到依据则感到愉快而达观。)

James Joyce的Ulysses是他最著名的认识流小说，描绘了三位普通的都柏林人在1904年6月16日从早上8点到晚上2点一天之内所发作的事情。为什么会叫Ulysses呢?尤利西斯是罗马神话的名字，在希腊神话中叫做Odysseus奥德修斯。史诗《奥德赛》说的是特洛伊战争结束后，奥德修斯在返乡途中长年漂泊、历经艰险的故事。而James Joyce的Ulysses里边就有一个对应奥德修斯的人物名叫布鲁姆，他在6月16日这一天漫游了都柏林，最终又返回到了家中。作者组织小说和神话对应，其实有一种irony反讽的意味，神话傍边的大英雄到了现实生活中成了碌碌无为被生活小事所困扰的广告推销员，反响了现代社会人们空虚的精神状态。

很多人觉得这本小说不流畅难读，主要是因为书中大量的monologue内心独白，这便是咱们所说的认识流，小说的结束是布鲁姆妻子长达40页的内心独白，并且是没有标点符号断句的，咱们最终再来感受一下：

YES BECAUSE HE NEVER DID A THING LIKE THAT BEFORE AS ASK To get his breakfast in bed with a couple of eggs since the City arms hotel when he used to be pretending to be laid up with a sick voice doing his highness to make himself interesting to that old faggot Mrs Riordan that he thought he had a great leg of and she never left us a farthing all for masses for herself and her soul greatest miser ever was actually afraid to lay out 4d for her methylated spirit telling me all her ailments she had too much old chat in her about politics and earthquakes and the end of the world let us have a bit of fun first God help the world if all the women were her sort down on bathing-suits and lownecks of course nobody wanted her to wear I suppose she was pious because no man would look at her twice I hope I'll never be like her a wonder she didnt want us to cover our faces but she was a welleducated woman certainly and her gabby talk about Mr Riordan here and Mr Riordan there I suppose he was glad to get shut of her and her dog smelling my fur and always edging to get up under my petticoats especially then still I like that in him polite to old women like that and waiters and beggars too hes not proud out of nothing but not always if ever he got anything really serious the matter with him its much better for them go into a hospital where everything is clean but I suppose Id have to dring it into him for a month…

(参阅译文：对啦 因为他历来也没那么做过 让把带两个鸡蛋的早餐送到他床头去吃 自打在市徽饭馆就没这么过 那阵子他常在床上装病 嗓音病病囊囊 摆出一副亲王派头 好赢得那个干瘪老太婆赖尔登的欢心 他自以为老太婆 会听他支配呢 可她一个铜板也没给咱留下 全都献给了弥撒 为她自己和她的魂灵 简直是天底下头一号抠门鬼 连为自己喝的那杯搀了木精的酒都怕掏四便士 净对我讲她害的这个病那个病 没完没了地絮叨她那套政治啦 地震啦 世界末日啦 咱们找点儿乐子不好吗 唉要是全世界的女性都像她那样可够呛 把游泳衣和袒胸夜礼服都给骂苦了 当然喽 谁也不会要她去穿这样的衣服 想必正因为没有一个男人会对她多看上一眼 她信教才信得那么虔诚 希望我永久不会变得像她那样 奇怪的是她倒没要求咱们把脸蒙起来 话又说回来啦 她的确是个受过杰出教育的女性 她便是唠唠叨叨地三句话不离赖尔登先生叨 我觉得他摆脱了她才叫高兴哩 还有她那只狗 总嗅我的毛皮衣服 老是往我的衬裙里边钻 尤其是身上来了的时分 不过我仍是喜欢他对那样的老太婆有礼貌 不论对端盘子的仍是对叫花子 他都是这样 历来也不摆空架子 但也不会老是这个样儿 要是他真有什么严峻的缺点 住院要好得多 那儿什么都那么洁净 可我想我得催上他一个月他才肯容许…)

以上便是辛达代报带来的关于认识流作家的简要共享，文学类论题是托福听力的常考关键之一，需要咱们关注之前考过的重要知识点，做好重点论题高频词汇的积累和背景知识的拓宽，在今后碰到相似内容的时分可以更冷静应对。最后辛达代报祝大家考试顺利！