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倒装句有两种:
将主语和谓语彻底颠倒过来,叫做彻底倒装(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.
只将助动词(包含情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class.
英语语句的倒装一是由于语法结构的需求而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需求而进行的倒装。辛达托福代报提醒大家前一种状况,倒装是必须的,否则就会呈现语法过错;后一种状况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会发生表达作用上的差异。下面辛达托福代报本文就拟从其修辞功能谈谈倒装句的用法。
一、 表明强调:
倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞作用便是强调,其表现形式如下:
1. only +状语或状语从句置于句首,语句用部分倒装。
eg.Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才能够解决这个问题。
eg.Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他现已说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大过错。
2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定含义的词或词组坐落句首,语句用部分倒装。
eg. No sooner had I got home than it beg.an to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。
eg. Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。
3. so / such...that结构中的so或such坐落句首能够构成部分倒装句,表明强调so /such和that之间的部分。
eg.So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。
eg.To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的排演进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。
辛达托福代报以上各例子都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其口气较天然语序强烈,因此具有极佳的修辞作用。
二、 承上启下
有时倒装可把前一句提到的人或物,或与前一句有联络的人或物鄙人一句紧接着先说出来,然后使前后两句在意思上的关系愈加清楚,衔接愈加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。
eg.They broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。
eg. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 咱们确实不该由于被称作穷光蛋而怒火中烧。咱们的确是穷光蛋,并且还会持续是穷光蛋。
三、 制造悬念,烘托气氛
在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需求,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,烘托气氛。如:
Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墙上挂着一幅精美的图像。
再如朗费罗(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一节:
Out of the bosom of the Air,
Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,
Over the woodlands brown and bare,
Over the harvest-fields forsaken,
Silent, and soft, and slow,
Descends the snow.
在这一节诗里 ,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中 ,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续呈现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露 ,形成一种悬念效应。全节读罢 ,读者才对诗篇的主题茅塞顿开 ,因此收到了不同凡响的艺术作用。
四、 平衡结构
英语修辞的一个重要准则是尾重准则,即把语句最复杂的成分放在句尾以坚持语句平衡。在言语使用中为了防止发生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的语句,咱们常选用倒装语序。
1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使语句平衡,常将状语置于句首,语句用彻底倒装语序。
eg.To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
eg.A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命挽救受困的矿工。
eg.On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
eg.Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。
从例句中可看出, 选用倒装语序的A句结构平衡保险 ,读起来天然流畅,而选用天然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因此,在主语较长时就应选用倒装语序以获得理想的表达作用。
2. 以表语开头的语句:有时为了把较长的主语放在后边,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。
eg.Such would be our home in the future. 咱们将来的家便是这个姿态。
3. 以副词here , there开头的语句,也选用彻底倒装来坚持语句平衡。
eg.Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。
五、 使描写生动
有时为了使叙说或描绘愈加生动形象,添加言语作用,可将表明方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,语句选用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的语句在外)。
eg.Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。
eg.Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。
eg.Boom went the cannon! 轰隆一声大炮开火了!
eg.Bang came another shot!砰!又是一声枪响!
以上语句简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令咱们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中能够体现得更为清楚。
"Stop thief! Stop thief!" There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...
"Stop thief ! Stop thief !" The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )
作者在榜首段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out坐落句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。然后制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。
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