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因果关系是在英文写作时最常用到的一种逻辑关系,但是表现因果关系的语句也最简单呈现文法、修辞的过错。这里辛达雅思代报就来剖析一下表明因果关系的语句中简单犯的过错,以及怎样才是符合文法、修辞要求的作法。
接下来,辛达雅思代报结合三个例子来进行总结:
状况一:
X(欠安):The reason why he wouldn’t go to the wedding is because the bride was once his girlfriend.
他不愿参与婚礼的原因是新娘曾是他的女友。
这个语句的文法修辞问题不止一处。
首先,the reason 和why 同样表明“原因”,这种重复在修辞上不够经济,可省去关系词 why,或者以连接词 that 替代,成为:
X(欠安):The reason (that) he wouldn’t go to the wedding is because the bride was once his girlfriend.
这样修正之后仍不抱负,原因之一是 the reason 和 because 仍然重复表达“原因”,应再精简。
如果把the reason去掉,成为:
X(欠安):He wouldn’t go to the wedding is because the bride was once his girlfriend.
如此尽管处理了重复的问题,但是仍不抱负,主要是 because the bride was once his girlfriend 这个子句 却在be动词后面 作主语补语运用,这是文法上的过错。
亦即,because 引导的副词子句 不应该放在be动词后面的补语位置,前者为果、后者为因的“因果关系”。
要表达这种关系,最直截了当地改为:
√ He wouldn’t go to the wedding because the bride was once his girlfriend.
或者:
√ The reason he wouldn’t go to the wedding is that the bride was once his girlfriend.
比较这两句,可发现前者比较简练(字数较少),这是它的优点。
后者尽管字数较多,但是能够发挥 加强预期的功用(强调他不去的原因何在)。
既然有特殊的修辞功用,就不能说是冗长,因此也是一个可能的挑选。
状况二:
X(欠安):The electric car is not yet a practical alternative to the gasoline car, the reason being that there are not many charging stations around.
电动车还不是汽油车之外的实际挑选,原因在于充电站并不普 遍。
这个语句中,the reason being that... 是 because the reason is that 的简化。
它的主语 the reason 与主要子句主词 the electric car 不同,所以在简化时要保留。
这种处理方式在文法上是正确的,但是从修辞上来看,the reason being that...稍显冗长,不如改为 because 比较简练:
√ The electric car is not yet a practical alternative to the gasoline car, (the reason being…) because there are not many charging stations around.
状况三:
X(欠安):The crop failed due to excessive rain in the final weeks before harvest.
农作物歉收,因为收成前最终几个星期雨水过多。
这个语句欠安,因为词类有过错。
Due的词类是形容词,而英文的形容词是用来润饰名词的,只有两种位置能够运用:
1. 名词词组中,例如 in due time(到了恰当的时间);
2. 补语位置,例如 The books are due.(书到期该换了)
在上面的语句中,辛达雅思代报认为用形容词词组 due to... 来润饰动词 failed 的原因,是误把形容词当副词用,属于文法过错。
能够这样改:
√ The crop failed was due to excessive rain in the final weeks before harvest.