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托福词汇中,有些类似词义的词汇,在用法上截然不同,可是许多同学在托福写作词汇的挑选上忽视了他们的详细运用环境,然后形成表达过错。
一、compare与contrast的误用
我们先从两者的界说下手来看两者的区别。 Compare的界说为:to examine people or things to see how they are similar or different. Contrast的界说为:to compare two or more things to show the difference between them.由界说不难看出前者侧重于找到两个或多个事物的异同,而后者则侧重于它们的不同。
看个例句:
It is interesting to compare their situations to ours./It is interesting to contrast their situations to ours.
前一句翻译为:比照一下我们的状况与他们的状况会很风趣。
后一句的翻译为:我们的状况与他们的状况有很大的不同,这很风趣。
再看一个引自OXFORD ADBANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY的比如:
There is an obvious contrast between the culture of East and West.
The company lost $7 million in contrast to a profit of $6.2 million a year earlier.
When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast.
不难发现,Compare翻译为“与…相比”而contrast可译为“显着不同的是…”,紧记这种翻译方式就不会用错互相了。
二、介词运用过错
1、一般介词的误用
一般表现为固定调配过错,如常把provide sb with sth用成provide sb sth; be satisfied with用成be satisfied for等等,尽管这样的过错看似无伤大雅,但在考官眼里就是影响顺利阅览,当然会影响最终成果。处理的办法简略而陈旧:把常见的固定调配紧记于心,问题自然就处理了。
2、 “to”作为介词的误用
“to”最常见的用法是以动词不定式符号的方式呈现的,所以同学们也已经习惯了“to do”的固定调配。关于一些如walk to me, to the left等介词to表方向等常见用法一般也不会呈现过错。可是关于与动词调配的介词to就会常常犯错:
如:
More and more students have taken to depend on their parents to make decision for them.
这儿的‘take to’ means ‘to begin to do sth as a habit’其间‘to’为介词,所以后边只能接名词或相当于名词的词,如动名词。所以黑体处应改为“depending on”。“take to”的另一个常用用法也需求紧记:
He hasn’t taken to his new school. (这儿‘take to’ means ‘to start liking sb or sth’)
Prefer A to B中的“to”也是介词,会有prefer doing sth to doing sth/ prefer sth to sth else,“prefer to do sth rather than do sth”中的“to”可是真实的不定式符号。
类似的常用用法请同学们紧记:
Be used to doing
Be accustomed to doing
See to doing
Adapt to doing
Adjust to doing
prefer doing sth. to doing sth.
等等,请注意平常细心堆集。
三、assume及claim运用不行精确
我们知道, think, assume, claim是谈论文中常用引出观念的动词。在实际作文中,同学们往往以为几个词的意思是一样的,彻底可以代换,所以拿过来就用。甚至还有同学把consider也拿过来与之混用。我们首先仍是从界说来看这几个词的不同:
Think: to have opinion or belief about sth.
翻译为“以为”,一般接宾语从句来表达比较断定的观念。
Assume: to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it.
翻译为“假定、假定”,是否有现实依据是不断定的。
Claim: to say sth is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believe it.
翻译为“声称”,用这个词往往意味着不附和紧跟其后的观念,所以很少用作‘I claim that…
Scientist are claiming a breakthrough in the fight against cancer, but in fact, …。
所以‘It is claimed that’一般翻译为“有报道称。。。”。和‘it is reported that ’的区别在于后者翻译为“据报道”,往往代表着作者附和陈述的内容,
Consider: to think about sth carefully, especially in order to make a decision
翻译为“考虑”,一般不用作引出观念,看个比如:
We are considering buying a new car.
所以,千万不要在托福写作的第一段(观念表达段)就由于用词掌握禁绝而导致对整篇文章的低分形象。
四、表“主张”的词汇后边忘记用虚拟从句
这是摘自学生托福作文中的一个病句:
I suggest he continues his study instead of working after graduation from high school.
由于‘suggest’翻译为“主张”,所以后边的从句应该用虚拟语气,黑体部分应该改为“(should) continue”
所以考生一定要紧记以下常见表“主张”的词汇,并且要记住这些词接从句时要用虚拟语气:
Recommend, suggest, advise
五、such as与for example的混用
我们知道,在表明举比如的时候,such as与like是彻底同等的,如:Wild flowers such as/like orchids and primroses are becoming rare.
可是同学们关于Such as、for example的掌握仍是不行精确。我们都知道,后者接语句前者接词语表明举比如。所以就有了下面的写法:
There is a similar word in many languages, such as in French and Italian.
这儿的such as改为for example为好,由于“in French and Italian”其实是“there is a similar word in French and Italian”的简化,所以要用for example来引出比如。再来看几个类似的比如:
It is possible to combine computer science with other subjects, for example physics.
以上就是辛达代报为同学们带来的内容,期望我们获得了自己想要知道的信息。最后,辛达代报预祝广大考生早日实现梦想,飞跃重洋。