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托福阅览操练一
【Introduction】
Doctors have long known that vitamin D is essential to good health. Get enough of it and it ensures strong bones and teeth. But a new study this week suggests an even more extraordinary benefit: a lower risk of death.
【Section One】Article
Vitamin D Lowers Risk of Death
The new paper, published in the Sept. 10 issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine, is a meta-analysis of 18 previously published studies on the vitamin. None of the original experiments was specifically designed to study how vitamin D affects mortality — the trials involved conditions such as bone fractures, bone mineral density, congestive heart failure and colorectal cancer — but all of them tracked participants‘ death data. Overall, researchers found, people who took daily vitamin D supplements were 7% less likely to die during the study — from any cause — than people who didn‘t.
The study‘s authors still don‘t know exactly how the vitamin may reduce people‘s death risk, but their findings are in line with a spate of recent research linking the vitamin to a wide range of health benefits. Not only does it promote calcium absorption and bone maintenance, but vitamin D also appears to stimulate the immune system, inhibit cellular proliferation and spur cell differentiation — in turn, those processes could reduce the aggressiveness of cancer tumors or keep artery-clogging plaques from growing. Indeed, studies have suggested that low levels of vitamin D may be associated with a higher risk of death from certain cancers, heart disease and diabetes.
The current analysis looked at data on 57,311 participants, most of whom were middle-aged or elderly and in generally good health. Those in intervention groups took daily doses of vitamin D — ranging mostly from 400 IU to 833 IU per day, with a study size–adjusted mean intake of 528 IU a day. Compared with people who weren‘t given supplements, the test groups had up to a five times greater blood level of vitamin D and a significantly reduced risk of death. Though there‘s no medically recommended optimum level of the vitamin, "throughout human evolution when the vitamin D system was developing, the ‘natural‘ level... was probably around 50 ng/mL or higher," writes Dr. Edward Giovannucci, a professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health, in an accompanying editorial. "In modern societies, few people attain such high levels, and levels below 10 ng/mL or 15 ng/mL are not uncommon."
If people can‘t get enough natural vitamin D from food or sun exposure, which synthesizes it in the skin, then daily supplements may be a good alternative — and the current study shows that an intake of up to 800 IU a day is safe. In the 18 studies that researchers analyzed for the current report, none of the participants taking supplements — even at a 2,000 IU daily dose — surpassed the 50 ng/mL mark. According to Giovannucci, people should reasonably shoot for levels of 30 ng/mL to 40 ng/mL, and doctors should consider testing patients who are at risk for deficiencies in vitamin D.
【Section Two】Vocabulary
1. mortalityn. 死亡率
2. fracturen. 决裂, 骨折;v. (使)破碎, (使)决裂
3. congestiveadj. 充血的
4. diabetesn. [医] 糖尿病, 多尿症
5. evolutionn. 开展, 开展, 演化, 进化
6. bone fractures 骨折
7. bone mineral density 骨密度
8. immune system 免疫系统
9. cell differentiation 细胞分解
【Section Three】Homework
1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.
"Not only does it promote calcium absorption and bone maintenance, but vitamin D also appears to stimulate the immune system, inhibit cellular proliferation and spur cell differentiation."
2. What is the main idear of this Article?
3. A intake of how many vitamin D a day is safe from the current study?
4. The article mentioned "Researchers found, people who took daily vitamin D supplements were 7% more likely to die during the study — from any cause — than people who didn‘t." Right?
参考答案:
1. 维生素D不仅能促进钙的吸收、骨骼的保养，还能激活免疫系统、抑制细胞分散、影响细胞分解。
2. No standard answer.
3. The current study shows that an intake of up to 800 IU a day is safe.
4. False!You can find the correct answer in the first paragraph. Not "more", but "less".
Text: "Overall, researchers found, people who took daily vitamin D supplements were 7% less likely to die during the study — from any cause — than people who didn‘t."
托福阅览操练二
Are We Ready for Another Tsunami?
Introduction
海啸是一种具有强壮破坏力的海浪。当地震发生于海底，因震波的动力而引起海水剧烈的崎岖，构成强壮的波涛，向前推动，将沿海地带逐个吞没的灾祸，称之为海啸。
Vocabulary
Tsunami n.海啸
high-rises n.楼房(留意前面用的是tall buildings)
temblor n.地震
holocaust n.大屠杀
universal time n.(=Greenwich Time)世界时刻,格林尼治(均匀)时
extensive 这儿留意原文中“the most extensive tsunami warning system around”我们在写作的时候也可以这样用最大的什么机构组织。
tremor n.轰动, 颤动
bulletin n.布告
evacuate v.分散, 撤出, 分泌
fiasco n. 大惨败
dialects n.方言
比较长，主张只泛读
ArticleWednesday‘s massive earthquake near Indonesia was distressingly similar to the one that killed over 220,000 people in December of 2004. Both happened off the coast of Sumatra and put at least a dozen other countries at risk of tsunami. Yesterday’s magnitude-8.4 quake was smaller than the 9.1 of 2004, but only slightly. Tall buildings swayed in Jakarta, and some high-rises were evacuated in Singapore. And less than 24 hours later, the quake was followed by a second and third temblor in the same area, which brought buildings down in the coastal Indonesian city of Padang and triggered more tsunami warnings around the region.
So far, the damage appears to be much less serious than the 2004 disaster — thankfully. It’s too early to guess at a body count, but most of the destruction will probably come from the quakes themselves, not from a tsunami.
Three years after one of the worst disasters in history, though, the quakes pose worrisome questions: are we any more prepared? Has any progress been made in building better tsunami warning systems? Or can we expect another holocaust any day now?
One thing, at least, has changed dramatically. The first earthquake happened at 11:10 universal time. Although it occurred in the Indian Ocean, it was detected by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, headquartered in Hawaii, which has the most extensive tsunami warning system around — largely because the Pacific Ocean is where 70% of the world’s earthquakes normally happen.
The 2004 quake was quickly detected by the Pacific Center, too, so that’s no big deal unto itself. This time, though, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (and a Japanese warning system that also noticed the earthquake) knew what to do with the information. Fourteen minutes after the tremor, the Pacific Center sent a bulletin around the world, warning all at-risk nations that there might be a tsunami and estimating when it might strike, to the minute. Those channels of communication simply didn’t exist in 2004. Basic as it may seem, this across-the-water communication represents a huge breakthrough.
But a warning only helps if someone passes it along. And here’s where things get dicey all over again. "Presumably all of the countries should have gotten that bulletin in minutes," says Lori Dengler, a geology professor and tsunami expert at Humboldt State University in California. "Then it becomes an internal decision to decide whether to call a tsunami warning in their country. Because we’re dealing with sovereign nations, that makes it complex."
Each nation on the Indian Ocean has its own procedure — or lack thereof — for what to do next. They decide whether to issue a public warning, whether to call for an evacuation and how to do it in a way that people understand. In some places, like southern Bangladesh, a warning to evacuate was disseminated by police over loudspeakers four hours before the tsunami might have arrived, and many people rushed to high ground.
But in Indonesia, the last test run didn’t go so well. In July 2006, a major earthquake caused a tsunami, headed for Java. The Indonesian government received the alert, but the island of Java still had no real warning system. More than 600 people died.
Indonesia’s ability to communicate with the public has improved since the Java fiasco, says Laura Kong, director of the International Tsunami Information Centre. And to be fair, it’s a difficult problem. Disseminating an effective warning fast is complicated. There is currently much debate in emergency-management circles over the relative merits of sirens, text messages and other high-tech gadgetry. The state of California has not yet figured out the best way to get a tsunami alert to its coastal residents; Indonesia, in comparison, must spread the word to 235 million people who speak hundreds of dialects.
But there are simpler ways to avoid tsunami fatalities. Before most waves strike, the ground shakes or the sea recedes dramatically. In some areas, everyone knows that these signs mean you must head for high ground; in most places, though, people are unaware of the warning signs. In Thailand, which lost 5,400 people in the Indian Ocean tsunami three years ago — half of them tourists — many hotels still do not educate guests about these simple clues. "Putting up a danger sign is bad for business," says Kong. "The businesses, and hotels in particular, are wary." It’s a shocking lapse, but not an uncommon one: Kong has run into the same attitude in Hawaii hotels and has learned to temper her expectations. She hopes that at the least, front-desk staff and other key hotel employees can be trained on recognizing the signs of a tsunami to assist guests in an emergency. "We just have to be practical and reasonable."
Overall, however, Kong believes that we’re much better off than we were a couple of years ago. If the 2004 tsunami happened again today in exactly the same way, the death toll would be lower, she says. That’s good, since we can expect more of them. A major incident like the 2004 quake puts geological stress on the entire region — not the most stable in the world to begin with — which helps explain why we have seen more magnitude-8 or larger quakes there than normal. Especially in Indonesia, nestled right in the middle of a nest of earthquake faults, it can only be a matter of time.
Homework
1. What is the main idear of this Article?
2.Please translate the sentence into Chinese.
It‘s a shocking lapse, but not an uncommon one: Kong has run into the same attitude in Hawaii hotels and has learned to temper her expectations.
3.what is "one thing,at least, has changed dramtically"?
4.what is the simpler way to avoid tsunami fatalities?
参考答案:
1.although we have to face many difficulties , the ability of decreasing lose of tsunami is progressing.
2.这是一个惊人的失误，可是并不是什么罕见的：关于夏威夷的旅馆，kong有相同的观念一起也学会下降了自己的等待。
3.Although it occurred in the Indian Ocean, it was detected by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center.
4.be aware of warning sign:most waves strike, the ground shakes or the sea recedes dramatically.
托福阅览操练三
【Introduction】
跟着苹果公司的榜首部手机iPhone上市，美国当地的各大媒体也纷纷发表了自己的观念和观念。
【Section One】Article
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The iPhone: What the Critics Say
Boston Globe
Hiawatha Bray writes that he couldn‘t trash the iPhone if he wanted to. The Globe sees the iPhone as unprecedented and says it leads the way for the newest cell phone technology: "For it‘s not just cool; this phone is important, in the same way that Apple‘s first Macintosh computer was important. The Mac showed us a better way to interact with computers, and forced the entire industry to follow its lead." In the end he called it: "an elegant marvel that even a hype-weary journalist has to love."
CBS News
Larry Magid writes "My overall thought is that the iPhone‘s software represents a truly remarkable accomplishment... Regardless of how well this device ultimately does, it will always be remembered as the phone that broke the mold from which all others were fabricated." He says the biggest difference in this cell phone compared to others is the lack of a physical keyboard which he said, "While my very first experiences with the touch screen were frustrating and — five hours later — I still find myself making some mistakes, I can certainly understand the advantage to being able to dynamically re-define the keyboard depending on the task at hand." He also gave the phone a mixed review when it came to the Web. "The good news is that the phone‘s version of Apple‘s Safari browser is by far the best browser I‘ve ever used on a hand held device," but he said it‘s hard to read the text since the screen is so small.
CNET
Kent German and Donald Bell give the iPhone an 8 out of 10 rating, which is equivalent to excellent and say the bottom line is: "Despite some important missing features, a slow data network, and call quality that doesn‘t always deliver, the Apple iPhone sets a new benchmark for an integrated cell phone and MP3 player." The positives are that "its Safari browser makes for a superb Web surfing experience, and it offers easy to use apps. As an iPod, it shines."But it also has variable call quality and lacks stereo Bluetooth support and 3G compatibility. It also has "stingy" integrated memory for an iPod.
Engadget
The website‘s review of the iPhone highlights a comparison chart between the phone and Helio‘s Ocean handset. They say, "Quite frankly, the chart does make a few good points, most notably around the iPhone‘s lack of GPS, strangely omitted MMS ability, and the obligatory removable battery; of course, we personally aren‘t offended nor joyous about "MySpace integration," but we suppose it could sway some folks tweens one way or another." Other posts point out more iPhone deficiencies — it isn‘t supported by 64-bit Windows XP or Vista and doesn‘t work with most third-party headphones. However, another post points out a positive — the iPhone is "pottymouth friendly" and allows users to write curse words.
New York Post
Glenn Fleishman tells readers not to buy the iPhone at all. While he calls it "a technological marvel," he says Internet and email are sub-par and the small screen makes it hard to read Web pages. He also criticizes the network saying "Modern cell networks use third-generation (3G) standards that are five to 20 times faster than the iPhone" and says the phone scrimps on storage. He urges consumers to wait until the 2.0 version saying "You can bet that iPhone 2.0, probably available withing the next year, will be faster and have more storage — probably for the same price.
New York Times
David Pogue writes that much of the hype and some of the criticisms are justified — "it does things no phone has ever done before; it lacks features found even on the most basic phone." He says the biggest achievements are the software, because the phone is "fast, beautiful, menu-free, and dead simple to operate," and the Web browser because "you get full Web layouts, fonts and all, shrunk to fit the screen." The downfalls are the AT&T network — call quality is average and they use an ancient EDGE network to connect to Web — and missing features like a memory-card slot, chat program and voice dialing. You also can‘t install new programs from anyone but Apple and the browser doesn‘t support Java or Flash.
Wall Street Journal
Walter Mossberg and Katherine Boehret write that "despite some flaws and feature omissions, the iPhone is, on balance, a beautiful and breakthrough handheld computer." The iPhone‘s best qualities include the software, which "sets a new bar for the smart-phone industry," and its clever finger-touch interface, along with its ability to roll intelligent voice calling, a full-blown iPod, the best Web browser seen on a smart phone and robust email software that synchronizes easily with Windows and Macintosh computers using iTunes into one phone. They say it "makes other smart phones look primitive." The major drawback is the cellphone network — it isn‘t able to use AT&T‘s fastest cellular data network to sign online. Instead, it uses a "pokey network" called EDGE, which is "far slower than the fastest networks from Verizon or Sprint that power many other smart phones."
【Section Two】Vocabulary
1. unprecedentedadj. 空前的
2. wearyadj. 疲倦的, 厌恶的, 疲惫; v. 疲倦, 厌恶, 厌烦
3. superbadj. 严肃的, 堂堂的, 富丽的, 极好的
4. compatibleadj. 兼容的
5. omitvt. 省掉, 忽略, 遗漏
6. obligatoryadj. 义无反顾的, 必须的
7. primitiveadj. 原始的, 远古的, 粗糙的, 简略的
8. Regardless of 不论, 不管
9. be equivalent to 相当于..., 等(同)于, 与... 等效
10. Web surfing 网上冲浪
【Section Three】Homework
1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.
But it also has variable call quality and lacks stereo Bluetooth support and 3G compatibility.
2. What is the main idear of this Article?
3. What is the biggest difference in iphone compared to others?
4. From this article, can you point out some flaws of the iPhone?
参考答案及解析：
1. 苹果手机的通话质量不稳定，且不支撑立体声蓝牙耳机，3G的兼容性也不好。
2. No standard answer.
3. Lack of a physical keyboard.
4. The flaws list as follows:
A slow data network, and call quality that doesn‘t always deliver
The iPhone‘s lack of GPS, strangely omitted MMS ability, and the obligatory removable battery.
Also, it isn‘t supported by 64-bit Windows XP or Vista and doesn‘t work with most third-party headphones.
It also has variable call quality and lacks stereo Bluetooth support and 3G compatibility. It also has "stingy" integrated memory for an iPod.
The small screen makes it hard to read Web pages.
Call quality is average and they use an ancient EDGE network to connect to Web — and missing features like a memory-card slot, chat program and voice dialing. You also can‘t install new programs from anyone but Apple and the browser doesn‘t support Java or Flash.
The major drawback is the cellphone network — it isn‘t able to use AT&T‘s fastest cellular data network to sign online. Instead, it uses a "pokey network" called EDGE, which is "far slower than the fastest networks from Verizon or Sprint that power many other smart phones."
托福阅览操练四
【Introduction】
加拿大一项新研讨发现，患二型糖尿病的患者，若能一起做有氧及分量训练运动，将可显着地下降血糖。
【Section One】Article
It‘s no secret that exercise is key to controlling type 2 diabetes — and many doctors already urge their diabetic patients to get active. But it‘s a vague directive: How much exercise is enough? How often? And what kind? The simple answer is that any is better than none — in sum, that‘s what a new study published in the Sept. 18 issue of the journal Annals of Internal Medicine found. But it also found that not all exercise is created equal and that the combination of aerobic exercise and weight training is significantly better for controlling blood sugar than either alone.
The elegantly designed study, led by researchers at the University of Calgary and the University of Ottawa, involved 251 patients aged 39 to 70, with type 2 diabetes. The patients, none of whom were regular exercisers, were randomized to one of four groups: aerobic exercise, resistance training, a combination of both, or none. For 22 weeks, the aerobic group worked out for 45 minutes three times a week on the treadmill or stationary bicycle; the resistance-training group spent an equal amount of time on weight machines. The combination group was at the gym twice as long as the other two exercise groups, doing the full aerobic plus weight-training regimens. "We built up gradually to 45 minutes, but it‘s certainly vigorous," says Dr. Ronald Sigal, lead author of the study and associate professor of medicine and cardiac sciences at the University of Calgary. "It‘s not sprinting or maximal exercise like a marathon trainer would do, but for someone who‘s middle-aged and older and very overweight, it‘s fairly strenuous."
Overall, researchers saw improvements in blood-sugar control in all the patients who worked out. Compared with controls, patients in the aerobic group had a reduction of .51% in their hemoglobin A1C values — a test that measures blood-sugar control over the previous two to three months (lower is better). The weight-training group had a .38% reduction compared with controls. But the combined exercise group showed further improvements: in those patients, the A1C values went down an additional .46% over the aerobic group, and .59% over the weight-training group. Compared to controls, the combo exercisers had a nearly 1% lower A1C reading.
The benefits of a 1% drop aren‘t small, and they go beyond blood-sugar control: That reduction translates to a 15% to 20% decrease in heart attack and stroke risk and a 25% to 40% lower risk of diabetes-related eye or kidney disease.write Dr. William Kraus of Duke University Medical Center and Dr. Benjamin Levine of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, in an accompanying editorial.
Across all three exercise groups, data suggested that working out could improve blood pressure, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in people with diabetes; however, there was no significant difference in the changes among the groups. Exercising also led to modest weight loss — even though patients were put on diets specifically designed to maintain weight — and a reduction in belly fat. What‘s more, CT scans of patients‘ muscles suggested that exercise could improve their internal structure and function. "So, even if you‘re not losing weight, don‘t get discouraged just because of that," says Sigal. "There‘s still additional value [of exercise] independent of weight loss."
Until a few years ago, says Sigal, American Diabetes Association guidelines recommended against weight training for diabetic people, particularly for older and longtime patients, "out of a fear that blood pressure may go too high and may cause problems — strokes or some kind of acute event — during exercise... That wasn‘t based on any real evidence." Today, the Association advises patients to exercise 30 minutes a day at least five days a week, and recommends routines similar to the ones Sigal studied: aerobic workouts (such as walking, swimming, biking), with weight training (with weights or bands) and practice in flexibility (gentle stretching to reduce the risk of exercise-related injuries). But before you hit the gym for the first time, Sigal cautions, see your doctor — particularly if you‘re overweight, middle-aged or older, or have any other health issues, like smoking, high cholesterol or high blood pressure. You should get a stress test and make sure you create a safe workout program geared to your abilities.
Sigal is currently studying the benefits of exercise in insulin-dependent patients with type 1 diabetes. Next year, he plans to launch another study on exercise and type 2 diabetes — to find a way to get "people into the gym and, perhaps more importantly, get them to continue doing it once they‘ve started."
【Section Two】Vocabulary
1. aerobicinvolving, utilizing, or increasing oxygen consumption for metabolic processes in the body
2. treadmilla device having an endless belt on which an individual walks or runs in place for exercise or physiological testing
3. regimena regular course of action and especially of strenuous training
4. sprintto run or go at top speed especially for a short distance
5. strenuousvigorously active
6. hemoglobinan iron-containing respiratory pigment of vertebrate red blood cells that consists of a globin composed of four subunits each of which is linked to a heme molecule, that functions in oxygen transport to the tissues after conversion to oxygenated form in the gills or lungs, and that assists in carbon dioxide transport back to the gills or lungs after surrender of its oxygen
7. envisionto picture to oneself
8. triglycerideany of a group of lipids that are esters formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of one or more fatty acids, are widespread in adipose tissue, and commonly circulate in the blood in the form of lipoproteins
【Section Three】Related Articles
1. PChome News
【Section Four】Homework
1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.
"To envision the importance of exercise, imagine an inexpensive pill that could decrease the hemoglobin A1C value by 1 percentage point, diabetes experts would be quick to incorporate this pill into practice guidelines and performance measures for diabetes.
2. What is the main idear of this Article?
3. Please give at least 3 examples of aerobic exercise.
4. What is the "" percentage that the combination group can decrease the risk of diabetes?
5. What is the meaning of "geared" in the last two paragraph?
1. 为了闪现运动的重要性，想像有一颗可以下降1%血糖的药锭，糖尿病专家会很快地将这颗药锭加入运动目标和作业目标来医治糖尿病。
2. The combination of aerobic exercise and weight training is significantly better for controlling blood sugarthe guideline of diabetes than either alone.
3. walking, swimming, biking
4. 0.97% (0.51 + 0.46 or 0.38 + 0.59)
5. to adjust so as to match, blend with, or satisfy something
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