写作中如何引经据典?


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  托福写作是议论文体裁,引证名人名言或是谚语可使所表达的语言简练凝练,生动活泼,增加感染力。在证明分论点时,可为自己的观念供给有力的论据,增强说服力。在着重主题时,具有画龙点睛之效,能够启人心智、提高主题。简言之,引经据典有以下三种效果,即 To illuminate the meaning ;To support the arguments ;To inspire and invoke。笔者现以托福为例,看怎么恰如其分地引经据典,引经据典。

  例一.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:

  Parents should allow children to make mistakes and let them learn from their own mistakes.

  此题按题型来看为利害类题,按论题来看归于家庭类论题。父母应该让孩子阅历风雨的洗礼去生长,仍是防止孩子犯过错。若挑选同义,认为家长应该让孩子在过错中罗致生长的养分,就可引证与经历教训历练生长相关的名人名言及谚语。

  1. Mistakes are an essential part of education. (Bertrand Russell, Bdritish philosopher)

  从过错中吸取教训是教育极为重要的一部分。(英国哲学家 罗素 .B.)

  2. One thorn of experience is worth a whole wilderness of warning. (James Russell Lowell, British Poet and critic)

  一次痛苦的经历抵得上千百次的劝诫。(英国诗人、批评家 洛威尔 .J. R .)

  3. Practical wisdom is only to be learned in the school of experience. (Samuel Smiles, British writer)

  有用的知识只要经过亲身体会才干学到。(英国作家 斯迈尔斯 . S .)

  4. As fruit needs not only sunshine but cold nights and chilling showers to ripen it, so character needs not only joy but trial and difficulty to mellow it. (Hugh Black, American writer)

  生果不只需求阳光,也需求凉夜。冰冷的雨水能使其老练。人的性情熏陶不只需求欢喜,也需求检测和困难。(美国作家 布莱克 H)

  5. Mishaps are like knives that either serve us or cut us as we grasp them by the handle or blade.(James Russell Lowell, American poetess and critic)

  灾祸就像刀子,抓住刀柄就可认为咱们效劳,拿住刀刃则会割破手。(美国女诗人、批评家 洛威尔 J R)

  6. No pain , no palm; no thorns, no throne ; no gall, no glory; no cross, no crown. (William Penn, British admiral)

  没有耕种,何来收获;没有辛劳,何来成功;没有苦难,何来荣耀;没有波折,何来光辉。(英国海军上将 佩恩 W)

  7. The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet .(Aristotle , Ancient Greek philosopher )

  教育的根是苦的,但其果实是甜的。(古希腊哲学家 亚里士多德)

  例二. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:

  The expression “Never, never give up” means to keep trying and never stop working for your goals.

  此题讨论一个人是否应该永不服输。若同义此观念,便可引证与坚持意志相关的名人名言及谚语。

  1. Our destiny offers not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity. So let us seize it, not in fear, but in gladness. -- R.M. Nixon

  命运给予咱们的不是绝望之酒,而是时机之杯。因而,让咱们毫无害怕,满心愉悦地掌握命运。——尼克松

  2. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. -- John Ruskin

  日子没有方针,犹如帆海没有罗盘。——罗斯金

  3. We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope. -- Mattin Luther King

  咱们有必要接受绝望,由于它是有限的,但千万不行失掉期望,由于它是无量的。——马丁 · 路德 · 金

  4. A strong man will struggle with the storms of fate. -- Thomas Addison

  强者能同命运的风暴反抗。——爱迪生

  5. While there is life, there is hope.

  有生命就有期望/留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。

  6. Storms make trees take deeper roots.

  风暴使树木深深扎根。

  7. Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.

  心之所愿,无所不成。

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  例三. Should students be required to take classes in many subjects or to specialize in one subject.

  此题归于教育类论题,学生应该广而薄地学习多门课程,仍是少而精地学习一门课程。若赞同此观念,着重背景知识广博的重要性,可引证培根的名言。

  Histories make men wise ; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep ; moral grave ; logic and rhetoric able to contend .(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)

  历史使人正确;诗词使人灵秀;数学使人周密;自然哲学使人深入;道德使人严肃;逻辑修辞学使人善辨。(英国哲学家 培根. F.)

  例四. Which is most important for an enjoyable journey: good food, good location and good friend?

  此题归于三选一题,辛达代报主张考生选good friend比较好展开。着重同行者的重要性时就可引经据典。

  1. Two heads are better than one.

  三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮。

  2. Good company on the road is the shortest cut.

  行路有良伴就是捷径。

  最终,这儿为我们提供一些常用的谚语集锦,我们能够保藏起来,当令适当地引用。

  1. A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.

  海内存知己,天涯若比邻。

  2. A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.

  吃一堑,长一智。

  3. East or west, home is best.

  东好西好,仍是家里最好。

  4. Constant dropping wears the stone.

  水滴石穿。

  5. Misfortunes never come alone/single.

  祸不单行。

  6. It’s never too late to mend.

  过而能改,善莫大焉;亡羊补牢,犹 未晚也。

  7. Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.

  无热心成就不了伟业。

  8. Actions speak louder than words.

  举动比言语更嘹亮。

  9. From small beginning come great things.

  巨大始于渺小。

  10. One today is worth two tomorrows.

  一个今日胜似两个明天。

  11. The tongue is boneless but it breaks bones.

  舌无骨却能折断骨。

  12. All time is no time when it is past.

  机不可失,时不再来。

  13. Clumsy birds have to start flying early.

  勤能补拙。

  14. Difficult the first time, easy the second.

  一回生,二回熟。

  15. Man proposes, God disposes.

  谋事在人,成事在天。

  考生若能在托福独立写作中当令适当地引经据典,可使得文章如虎添翼,熠熠生辉。笔者抛砖引玉,愿各位考生有行云流水之势,妙笔生花之韵。

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