定义是作者在文本中为清晰阐述观点,对特定概念、复杂术语或词汇所给出的阐释。此类解释目标明确,对我们推断词义大有裨益。例如,“Kinetic energy is the energy of moving particles.” 倘若“Kinetic energy”为生词,依据定义,表语对主语特征进行了描述,由此可推断“Kinetic energy”意为“运动粒子的能量”。再如,“Typhoons are cyclones, storms with strong winds rotating around a low-pressure center.” 若“cyclones”一词陌生,其后的“绕低气压中心形成的暴风雨”便是推断依据,可得出“cyclones”指“绕低气压中心旋转的暴风雨”。这类定义句中常见的谓语动词包括:be、mean、deal with、be considered、to be、refer to、be called、be known as、define、represent、signify、constitute等。
尽管进一步阐述不如定义那般精准细致,但所提供的信息足以助力我们推断生词词义。复述部分可能由单词、短语或句子构成。例如,“Experts in kinesics, in their study of body motion as related to speech, hope to discover new methods of communication.” 逗号中的短语明确了“kinesics”的研究领域,即“对肢体语言的研究”,所以“kinesics”可推断为“肢体语言学”。在复述中,同位关系常用逗号连接,有时也会使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号或括号等。同位语前常有副词或短语,如or、similarly、that is to say、in other words、namely、or other等。另一种形式是定语从句,例如“Obesity, which is a medical disorder that affects approximately 20 - 30% of the population of the United States of America. It is an excessive accumulation of body fat that results from the storage of excess food energy calories in the body's fat cells.” 根据非限制性定语从句,可推断“obesity”意为“过度肥胖”。
恰当的实例能够为推断生词词义提供关键线索。例如,“The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.” 句中的“战争”和“重大科学发现”作为“epochal”的实例,有助于我们推断“epochal”大致意为“重要的”。
例如,“Computers have been used for most kinds of crime, including fraud, theft, larceny, embezzlement, burglary, sabotage, murder, and forgery, since the first cases were reported in 1985.” 句中虽存在诸多生词,但借助“crime”和“murder”可推断这些词都与犯罪相关。在考试中,了解大致类别即可。再如,“Goran Ivanisevic fears only one service in tennis -- Michael Stichs. His toss is always the same: the straight one or the topspin. Sampras has a good serve and Becker too, but Stichs is the toughest to read.” 句中多为网球术语,通过上下文,尤其是认识的词汇,可推断“service”在网球中指“发球”动作。
在句子或段落中,对于具有对比性描述的两个事物或现象,可根据生词的反义词推断其词义。例如,“Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends.” “gregarious”对很多人而言可能是生词,但“unlike”表明其与“unsociable”形成对比,因此可推断“gregarious”意为“爱交际的”。
这是指借助篇章以外的知识推断词义。有时仅依靠篇章内部的逻辑关系难以推断,需要借助生活经验和常识。例如,“The cat came quickly through the grass towards the birds. When it was just a few feet from the victim, it gathered its legs under itself and pounced.” 若“pounce”一词陌生,可根据常识推断猫看到鸟时,通常会先收起爪子然后突然发动攻击,因此“pounce”意为“突然攻击”。再如,“It's really cold out tonight. My hands are practically numb.” 根据生活经验,天气寒冷时手会“冻僵,麻木”。
这包括借助前缀、后缀以及合成词推断词义。
英语中前缀、后缀数量众多,且特定缀通常表示特定含义。例如,“He had been overworking and fell ill at last.” “overwork”由前缀“over -”加动词构成,表示“超过、过于”,所以“overwork”意为“劳累过度”。常见前缀还有:mis - 表示“错、误”,如“misfortune(不幸)”“mislead(误导)”;mid - 表示“中央”,如“midnight(半夜)”“midway(半路)”;under - 表示“低于”,如“underdone(半生不熟的)”“underestimate(低估)”;anti - 表示“反对”,如“antibody(抗体)”“anticyclone(反气旋)”。常见后缀如“ - ty”常用于名词,如“dream”加“ - ty”为“dreamty”(虽不常见,但原理如此);“ - ize”常用于及物动词,如“realize”“modernize”。
“Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in it for fun.” 根据短语构成及上下文,可推断“partakes in”相当于“takes part in”。再如,“break out”与“outbreak”、“set out”与“outset”、“come in”与“income”等合成词,均可通过分解推断词义。
猜测是雅思阅读中的关键技巧。通过积累词汇、大量练习,并结合上述方法,能够更有效地理解文章含义,提升英语水平。英语学习需要日积月累,要善于发现并运用规律与技巧。
以上内容由辛达代报名小编整理总结,希望能为大家提供帮助。